elvira

Around 306, the Council of Elvira convened in Spain. Some claim this council issued only the first 21 canons and the rest were added later from other Iberian councils. This matters little because if so, they were added to the canon in order to empower them with the authority of the Elviran council. The first Canon of Elvira is a symptom and a stark exposure of the fierce Biblcal literalism and intolerance found in the emerging Christianity at the time. Even though not the law, this council believed that participating in a pagan sacrifice was a capital offense. Unfortunately, in the coming decades and centuries, their wish would be realized. Based upon literal readings and the subsequent emulation of scripture, the canons reflected the core values of the Bible: the religious intolerance found in both the New and Old Testaments. Over the next two centuries, early Christian Emperors and major church councils would together enact agendas against Jews and religious pluralism that would provide a foundation for fifteen centuries of religious intolerance, anti-Semitism and a great deal of horrific violence. If any of this reminds you of radical Islam, you are correct. With the exception of its golden age of science and learning which ended around the 12th century, Islam has been in this same condition for almost fourteen centuries. The first fourteen centuries of Christian history included eleven centuries of church-state alliances that were dictatorial and disposed to much persecution. Both religions tolerate no other religion so they can't ever get along without being under a secular governance that guarantees and protects religious liberty to all. Secularism is the foundation of conscience liberties because in a secular, rights protecting constitution, all religions are equal under the law and no particular religious belief can use the government as a tool. A government must be 100% religion-neutral and afford to all equal an standing under the law. It can't be a stage for any religious belief or we just go down that road that both Christianity and Islam took where religions compete to hold the authority in the state. As you will see, the Council of Elvira was a harbinger of awful things to come as the boundaries between government and religion became increasingly murky and indistinguishable.

Canon 1. A baptized adult who commits the capital crime of sacrificing to the idols is not to receive communion even when death approaches.

Elvira continued the slave trade found in both the Bible and the Mediterranean culture. Although a substantial segment of the people were slaves and servants, they were property and had no civil rights of any consequence. This injustice found in the Bible was considered part of God's natural order and would continue for another 1560 years in the west. The United States, last of the western nations to outlaw slavery, experienced a terrible civil war due to slavery and its economics. The Bible tells us (below) that slaves are one's money. The Confederacy took that seriously.

Canon 5. If a woman beats her servant and causes death within three days, she shall undergo seven years' penance if the injury was inflicted on purpose and five years if it was accidental. She shall not receive communion during this penance unless she becomes ill. If so, she may receive communion.

Exodus 21:20-21: And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished. Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is his money.

Elvira prohibited a woman from marrying any person with a different religious belief. It was not up to her wishes or her family's; it was up to the church. Like radical Islam, Christianity attempted to dictate and regulate both the public and private spheres of society. Today's Christian religious right also seeks to diminish rights of privacy and endow governent with the power to interfere with your private life. Parents that allowed their children to marry a Jew or heretic were barred from the church community for 5 years. If parents allowed their daughter to marry a pagan priest, they were barred for life, even if death approached. In Islam, Shi'ites and Sunnis are not to marry each other. And a Muslim is strongly discouraged from marrying a Jew, a Christian, a Buddhist, a Sikh, or a Hindu. The religious roots of violence between Muslims and Hindus is of the same religious nature as the violence between Muslims, Jews and Christians.

Elvira banned all intimate and social relationships between Christians and Jews. Claims are made that it was only Judaism the religion and its Judaizers that were targeted but it never translated into anything but century after century of violent and repressive anti-Semitism. Hebrews and Judaism were indistinguishable to Christians. They were considered the same. Elvira mandated that a Christian was forbidden to marry a Jew or a pagan. One couldn't even share a meal with a Jewish person. Of the eighty-one Canons of Elvira, over twenty addressed and supported discrimination towards Pagans, Jews, and Christian heretics. These canons made discrimination and religious intolerance the policy of the church and shows us the worldview that brought about the coming 1500 years of church-state alliances. It is at Elvira that anti-Semitism is first officially promoted by church leaders. It is at Elvira that the foundation was laid for the future persecutions and inquisitions against other religious viewpoints. It is at Elvira that the groundwork was laid for the coming confiscations and destructions of pagan temples, 'unofficial' churches, classical libraries and Jewish synagogues. It is in the canons of Elvira that we see the unforgiving character of Biblical, Canonical Christianity as it emerged in late antiquity.

Canon 15. "Christian girls are not to marry pagans, no matter how few eligible men there are, for such marriages lead to adultery of the soul."

Canon 16. "Heretics shall not be joined in marriage with Catholic girls unless they accept the Catholic faith. Catholic girls may not marry Jews or heretics, because they cannot find a unity when the faithful and the unfaithful are joined. Parents who allow this to happen shall not commune for five years"

Canon 17. "If parents allow their daughter to marry a pagan priest, they shall not receive communion even at the time of death"

This is not a new bigotry and is supported by the Bible, starting in the Old Testament, which banned intewrtribal marriages. One might point to this as racism but it goews deeper than that because a different tribe usually meant a different religion In the Roman Empire before the imperial court was Christianized, people regularly married people who honored a different God. Let's take a look at an example where we see that God is forbidding marriage outside of one's tribe and religion. He also forbids showing them any mercy. There is clear scriptural support for the intolerant positions found in the Canon law of Elvira. The Bishops went as far as threatening perpetual excomunication of parents that allowed their daughter to marry a Flamen (a magistrate of the Roman civil and religious authorities).

Deuteronomy 7:1-4: "When the LORD thy God shall bring thee into the land whither thou goest to possess it, and hath cast out many nations before thee, the Hittites, and the Girgashites, and the Amorites, and the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, seven nations greater and mightier than thou; And when the LORD thy God shall deliver them before thee; thou shalt smite them, and utterly destroy them; thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor shew mercy unto them: Neither shalt thou make marriages with them; thy daughter thou shalt not give unto his son, nor his daughter shalt thou take unto thy son. For they will turn away thy son from following me, that they may serve other gods: so will the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and destroy thee suddenly."

Elvira sought to put everyone under a microscope and demanded that all go to church to be accounted for. This kind of scrutiny would continue right into the age when religious tests were finally banned. In Puritan Massachusetts, one had to go to church or face the harsh consequences of life within a medieval theocracy. It would not be until Thomas Jefferson authored the Virginia statutes on religious liberty which prohibited any church attendance requirements for standing in a community. Then in the Federal constitution of the USA, religious tests for oaths of office were finally banned, making one's religion irrelevant as far as qualification for public service was concerned.

Canon 21. If anyone who lives in the city does not attend church services for three Sundays, let that person be expelled for a brief time in order to make the reproach public.

The canons attacked paganism in a way that sought to discourage and wipe it out by using landlords and slaveowners. Within the emerging feudal society this kind of coercion worked very well for many centuries. In the 6th century, Pope Gregory told the landlords of England and Gaul to 'jack up their rents'if pagans wouldn't convert. Burning candles could get you in trouble! And this is not restricted to late antique and Medieval Christianity because Islam also inherited much from the Old Testament. Today, in front of groves and graves in Istanbul, the completely Islamicized Constantinople, there are signs prohibiting the same things.

Canon 34. Candles are not to be burned in a cemetery during the day. This practice is related to paganism and is harmful to Christians. Those who do this are to be denied the communion of the church.

Canon 40. Landlords may not receive as rent anything that has already been offered to idols. If they do so, they shall be excluded from communion for five years.

Canon 41. Christians are to prohibit their slaves from keeping idols in their houses. If this is impossible to enforce, they must at least avoid the idols and remain pure. If this does not happen, they are alienated from the church.

Elvira sought to persecute Jews by using landlords to halt Jewish traditions of prayer and thankgiving regarding their crops.

Canon 49. Landlords are not to allow Jews to bless the crops they have received from God and for which they have offered thanks. Such an action would make our blessing invalid and meaningless. Anyone who continues this practice is to be expelled completely from the church.

The Council of Elvira declared that Christians were forbidden to share a meal with a Jew and those that did would be punished. Is it any wonder that Spain gave us the Spanish Inquisition and the attempted deportation of the entire Jewish population? Ironicly, when parts of Spain were in Muslim hands, Jews were not persecuted. This was during the golden age of Islam when the streets of Cordova were lit at night and there was even a sewer system at a time when Europe lived in poverty, ignorance and filth. This anti-Semitism became an entrenched part of European Christian culture and came to a frightening crescendo when the Nazis outlawed sex and marriage with Jews and then prohibited Jews from eating in the dining cars with Germans (Document NG-3995).

Canon 50. If any cleric or layperson eats with Jews, he or she shall be kept from communion as a way of correction.

Perpetual excommunication was the penalty for pagan worship or any support of pagan rituals. Things would get much worse with the imperial government's growing promotion of and eventual establishment of Christianity as the law of the land. In the next few centuries, Imperial decrees would incorporate Biblically founded ideas supporting religious intolerance into the body of Roman Law. Being religiously incorrect was punishable by death in the Old Testament and this religious error damns one to eternal torment in the New Testament. In the emerging Christian Empire, they emulated the intolerance of the Bible. Imperial decrees confiscated religious properties, destroyed temples, ended testamentary rights, stole inheritances, prohibited religious assemblies and debate, banished religious leaders, and executed and tortured millions. As you will see in The Times of Emperor Constantine, his new capitol city of Constantinople was decorated with the plundered gold, silver and precious gems of pagan temples throughout Greece and Asia Minor. Religious intolerance meant destruction, theft, and violence towards pagans, Jews and heretics in the new Church-State alliance of the Empire.

At Elvira, the bishops agreed to three years of excommunication for any Christian that allowed his clothes or ornaments to be used in Pagan festivities or games. This kind of religious thinking was so obsessed with secular entertainment and other religion's festivals that it employed threats of excommunication for the kindly act of loaning someone something. And actually going to watch any pagan festivities meant ten years of excommunication!

Canon 57. Women and men who willingly allow their clothing to be used in secular spectacles and processions shall be denied communion for three years.

Canon 59: A Christian may not go to the capitol and watch the pagans offer their sacrifices. If a Christian does, he or she is guilty of the same sin and may not commune before completing ten years of penance.

The Synod of Elvira signaled an official church attack on theater and the stage with Canon 62, which required all actors and charioteers to quit their professions before they could be admitted for membership in the church. Elvira also sought to strangle circuses, parades and competitions by threatening believers with three years of excommunication for any material support of them.

Canon 62: Chariot racers or pantomimes must first renounce their profession and promise not to resume it before they may become Christians. If they fail to keep this promise, they shall be expelled from the church.

Less than a century later, Emperor Theodosius the Great not only banned every religion but Nicene Trinitarian Christianity, he outlawed the Olympics and every other entertaining and competitive game like it because it was of classical and pagan origin. At the Synod of Carthage in 401, they requested that such public amusements would be outlawed on 'the Lord's day'. In both 386 and 425, some of these sentiments opposing the humanities were decreed law. Theodosius the Younger's edict of 425, recorded as Codex Theodosianus 15.7.5, outlawed the theater, the circus and all festivals on Sunday. Here was the lifeless pharisaical spirit of Saint Paul, expecting all to be as grave and serious as he, with a disdain for entertainment and laughter. In Philip Schaff's exhaustive History of the Christian Church (1882), chapter 3, he tells us of Saint John Chrysostom's attitude about the theater:

"Chrysostom, at the end of the fourth century and the beginning of the fifth, often complains that the theatre is better attended than the church; so down to this day [1880s] the same is true in almost all the large cities on the continent of Europe. Only in England and the United States, under the influence of Calvinism and Puritanism, are the theatres closed on Sunday."

Chrysostom is also known for his rants and homilies against Jews and homosexuals.

Like the Bishops and clergy at the Council of Elvira, John Chrysostom was not a fan of the stage. With all the attacks on movies and the stage by the religious right, some things just never change. Conservative Christianity has never been a friend of open debate, open speech and freedom of expression. For thousands of years, the stage had been used to tell stories and convey points of view. Conservative Christians who claim that they only hold the keys to truth, have always fought the theater with its criticism and laughter at their expense. It is an age old fight that continues between orthodoxy and the stage, the arts and the humanities.

Elvira was not only steeped in religious and cultural intolerance, it recognized that the Bible supported both slavery and the oppression of women. Even freed slaves were treated unjustly. As noted above in Canon 5, killing a slave was punishable by penance, and was not considered a crime against an equal human being. Like the Bible, Elvira has a different standard of justice for slaves and servants. There is no eye for an eye for the downtrodden in the Christian world of slave owning. For the slave is his money. It is much the same for women in the Bible, who are to subject themselves to and obey their husbands; who are to remain silent in church. And like Islam, The Bible requires women to cover their heads. Elvira forbids even letter writing or receiving by women! This is of the same mindset that we find in Saudi Arabia and the Taliban where women have to be accompanied by a male relatative if they want to go out of the house. Nor can they vote or drive a car. Without the renaissance and the enlightenment, all the Middle Eastern religions are basicly the same.

Canon 80. Slaves who have been freed but whose former masters are yet alive may not be ordained as clergy.

Canon 81. A woman may not write to other lay Christians without her husband's consent. A woman may not receive letters of friendship addressed to her only and not to her husband as well.

NEXT: THE TIMES OF EMPEROR CONSTANTINE

THE 81 CANONS OF THE COUNCIL OF ELVIRA

1. A baptized adult who commits the capital crime of sacrificing to the idols is not to receive communion even when death approaches.

2. Flamens (a priest in a temple) who have been baptized but who then offer sacrifices will double their guilt by adding murder (if they organize public games) or even triple it with sexual immorality, and they cannot receive communion even when death approaches.

3. Flamens who have not offered sacrifices but who have presided at public games have kept themselves from complete destruction and may receive communion when death approaches if they have done the required penance. If they commit sexual offenses after completing the penance, they shall be denied any further communion since receiving communion would make a mockery of the Sunday communion.

4. Flamens who have been catechumens for three years and who have abstained from sacrifices may be baptized.

5. If a woman beats her servant and causes death within three days, she shall undergo seven years' penance if the injury was inflicted on purpose and five years' if it was accidental. She shall not receive communion during this penance unless she becomes ill. If so, she may receive communion.

6. If someone kills another by sorcery or magic, that person shall not receive communion, even at the time of death, for this action is a form of idolatry.

7. If a Christian completes penance for a sexual offense and then again commits fornication, he or she may not receive communion even when death approaches.

8. Women who without acceptable cause leave their husbands and join another man may not receive communion even when death approaches.

9. A baptized woman who leaves an adulterous husband who has been baptized, for another man, may not marry him. If she does, she may not receive communion until her former husband dies, unless she is seriously ill.

10. If an unbaptized woman marries another man after being deserted by her husband who was a catechumen, she may still be baptized. This is also true for female catechumens. If a Christian woman marries a man in the knowledge that he deserted his former wife without cause, she may receive communion only at the time of her death.

11. If a female catechumen marries a man in the knowledge that he deserted his former wife without cause, she may not be baptized for five years unless she becomes seriously ill.

12. Parents and other Christians who give up their children to sexual abuse are selling others' bodies, and if they do so or sell their own bodies, they shall not receive communion even at death.

13. Virgins who have been consecrated to God shall not commune even as death approaches if they have broken the vow of virginity and do not repent. If, however, they repent and do not engage in intercourse again, they may commune when death approaches.

14 If a virgin does not preserve her virginity but then marries the man, she may commune after one year, without doing penance, for she only broke the laws of marriage. If she has been sexually active with other men, she must complete a penance of five years before being readmitted to communion.

15. Christian girls are not to marry pagans, no matter how few eligible men there are, for such marriages lead to adultery of the soul.

16. Heretics shall not be joined in marriage with Catholic girls unless they accept the Catholic faith. Catholic girls may not marry Jews or heretics, because they cannot find a unity when the faithful and the unfaithful are joined. Parents who allow this to happen shall not commune for five years.

17. If parents allow their daughter to marry a pagan priest, they shall not receive communion even at the time of death.

18. Bishops, presbyters, and deacons, once they have taken their place in the ministry, shall not be given communion even at the time of death if they are guilty of sexual immorality. Such scandal is a serious offense.

19. Bishops, presbyters, and deacons shall not leave the area where they work, or travel in the provinces, in order to engage in profitable ventures. If it is an economic necessity, let them send a son, a freedman, an employee, a friend, or someone else. They should engage only in business activities within their own area.

20. If any clergy are found engaged in usury, let them be censured and dismissed. If a layman is caught practicing usury, he may be pardoned if he promises to stop the practice. If he continues this evil practice, let him be expelled from the church.

21. If anyone who lives in the city does not attend church services for three Sundays, let that person be expelled for a brief time in order to make the reproach public.

22. If people fall from the Catholic church into heresy and then return, let them not be denied penance, since they have acknowledged their sin. Let them be given communion after ten years' penance. If children have been led into heresy, it is not their own fault, and they should be received back immediately.

23. In order to help those who are weak, the rigorous fasting that requires no eating for a whole day shall be dropped during the months of July and August.

24. Individuals shall not be admitted as clergy in a province other than the one where they were baptized. Otherwise their life would not be known by those who examine them.

25. Those who have letters of recommendation referring to them as "confessors" should obtain new letters affirming them as "communicants" instead. Simple people are deceived by the honored title of "confessor."

26. The rigorous form of fasting is to be followed every Saturday. This will correct a mistake in our present practice.

27. A bishop or other cleric may have only a sister or a daughter who is a virgin consecrated to God living with him. No other woman who is unrelated to him may remain.

28. A bishop may not receive the offerings of those who are not allowed to receive communion.

29. Persons who have an erratic spirit shall not have their name added to the list of those making offerings, nor shall they be allowed to exercise any form of ministry in the congregation.

30. Those who sinned sexually as youth may not be ordained as subdeacons. This will guard against their being promoted to higher offices later on. If they have already been ordained, they shall be removed from their office.

31. Young men who have been baptized and then are involved in sexual immorality may be admitted to communion when they marry if they have fulfilled the required penance.

32. Anyone who has fallen into mortal ruin because of sin must seek penance from the bishop and not a presbyter. In extreme illness a presbyter may offer communion or may direct a deacon to do so.

33. Bishops, presbyters, deacons, and others with a position in the ministry are to abstain completely from sexual intercourse with their wives and from the procreation of children. If anyone disobeys, he shall be removed from the clerical office.

34. Candles are not to be burned in a cemetery during the day. This practice is related to paganism and is harmful to Christians. Those who do this are to be denied the communion of the church.

35. Women are not to remain in a cemetery during the night. Some engage in wickedness rather than prayer.

36. Pictures are not to be placed in churches, so that they do not become objects of worship and adoration.

37. Those who have suffered from an evil spirit may be baptized as death approaches. If they have been baptized, they may be given communion. Such people are not, however, to light the church candles in public. If they do so, they are to be denied communion.

38. A baptized Christian who has not rejected the faith nor committed bigamy may baptize a catechumen who is in danger of death, if they are on a sea voyage or if there is no church nearby. If the person survives, he or she shall go to the bishop for the laying on of hands.

39. A pagan who requests the laying on of hands at a time of illness, may receive the imposition of hands and become a Christian if his or her life has been reasonably honest.

40. Landlords may not receive as rent anything that has already been offered to idols. If they do so, they shall be excluded from communion for five years.

41. Christians are to prohibit their slaves from keeping idols in their houses. If this is impossible to enforce, they must at least avoid the idols and remain pure. If this does not happen, they are alienated from the church.

42. Those with a good reputation who seek to become Christians shall remain as catechumens for two years before being baptized. Should they become seriously ill, they may request and receive baptism earlier.

43. In accordance with the Scripture we shall celebrate Pentecost and not continue the false practice [of celebrating the fortieth day after Easter rather than the fiftieth]. If one does not accept this practice, it will be considered a new heresy.

44. A former prostitute who has married and who seeks admission to the Christian faith shall be received without delay.

45. A catechumen who has stayed away from the church for a long time may be baptized if one of the clergy supports his or her claim to be a Christian, or if some of the faithful attest to this, and it appears that the person has reformed.

46. If a Christian gives up the faith and stays away from the church for a long time, provided he or she has not become an idolater, he or she may be received back and commune after ten years of penance.

47. If a baptized married man commits adultery repeatedly, he is to be asked as he nears death whether or not he will reform should he recover. If he so promises, he may receive communion. If he recovers and commits adultery again, he may not commune again, even as death approaches.

48. Those being baptized are not to place money in the baptismal shell since it seems to indicate that the priest is selling what is a free gift. The feet of the newly baptized are not to be washed by the priests or clerics.

49. Landlords are not to allow Jews to bless the crops they have received from God and for which they have offered thanks. Such an action would make our blessing invalid and meaningless. Anyone who continues this practice is to be expelled completely from the church.

50. If any cleric or layperson eats with Jews, he or she shall be kept from communion as a way of correction.

51. If a baptized person has come from heresy, he must not become a cleric. One who has already been ordained is to be removed from office immediately.

52. Anyone who writes scandalous graffiti in a church is to be condemned.

53. A person who has been excluded from communion for an offense can be readmitted only by the bishop who ordered the excommunication. Another bishop who readmits him or her without obtaining the consent of the first bishop is liable to bring tension among his brothers and may be removed from office.

54. Parents who fail to keep the betrothal agreement and who break their child's engagement are to be kept from communion for three years. If the bride or groom has committed a serious crime, the parents are justified in such an action. If both the bride and groom are involved in the sin, the first rule applies and the parents may not interfere.

55. Priests who continue to wear the secular wreath [as former flamens] but who do not perform sacrifices or make offerings to idols may receive communion after two years.

56. Magistrates are not to enter the church during the year in which they serve as duumvir [the government official who presides at public occasions and national feasts].

57. Women and men who willingly allow their clothing to be used in secular spectacles and processions shall be denied communion for three years.

58. In all places, and especially where the bishop resides, those who bring letters indicating their right to commune shall be examined to affirm the testimony.

59. A Christian may not go to the capitol and watch the pagans offer their sacrifices. If a Christian does, he or she is guilty of the same sin and may not commune before completing ten years of penance.

60. If someone smashes an idol and is then punished by death, he or she may not be placed in the list of martyrs, since such action is not sanctioned by the Scriptures or by the apostles.

61. A man who, after his wife's death, marries her baptized sister may not commune for five years unless illness requires that reconciliation be offered sooner.

62. Chariot racers or pantomimes must first renounce their profession and promise not to resume it before they may become Christians. If they fail to keep this promise, they shall be expelled from the church.

63. If a woman conceives in adultery and then has an abortion, she may not commune again, even as death approaches, because she has sinned twice.

64. A woman who remains in adultery to the time of her death may not commune. If she breaks the relationship, she must complete ten years' penance before communing.

65. If a cleric knows of his wife's adultery and continues to live with her, he shall not receive communion even before death in order not to let it appear that one who is to exemplify a good life has condoned sin.

66. A man who marries his stepdaughter is guilty of incest and may not commune even before death.

67. A woman who is baptized or is a catechumen must not associate with hairdressers or men with long hair. If she does this, she is to be denied communion.

68. A catechumen who conceives in adultery and then suffocates the child may be baptized only when death approaches.

69. A married person who commits adultery once may be reconciled after five years' penance unless illness necessitates an earlier reconciliation.

70. A husband who knows of his wife's adultery and who remains with her may not commune even prior to death. If he lived with his wife for a period of time after her adultery and then left her, he may not commune for ten years.

71. Those who sexually abuse boys may not commune even when death approaches.

72. If a widow has intercourse and then marries the man, she may only commune after five years' penance. If she marries another man instead, she is excluded from communion even at the time of death. If the man she marries is a Christian, she may not receive communion until completing ten years' penance, unless illness makes earlier communion advisable.

73. A Christian who denounces someone who is then ostracized or put to death may not commune even as death approaches. If the case was less severe, he or she may commune in less than five years. If the informer was a catechumen, he or she may be baptized after five years.

74. Those who are false witnesses commit a crime and are to be excluded. If their action did not bring about death, and they explain the reasons for their testimony, they shall be excluded for two years. If their explanation is not accepted by the assembled clergy, they are excluded for five years.

75. If someone falsely accuses a bishop, presbyter, or deacon of a crime and cannot offer evidence, he or she is excluded from communion even at the time of death.

76. If a deacon confesses that he had committed a mortal crime before ordination, he is excluded from communion and must complete three years' penance. If, however, the sin is disclosed by someone else, he must complete five years' penance before being accepted as a layman to receive communion.

77. If a deacon serving a community without a bishop or presbyter baptizes, the bishop shall then give his blessing to those baptized. If someone dies before receiving the blessing, that person is to be regarded as justified by his or her faith.

78. If a Christian confesses adultery with a Jewish or pagan woman, he is denied communion for some time. If his sin is exposed by someone else, he must complete five years' penance before receiving the Sunday communion.

79. Christians who play dice for money are to be excluded from receiving communion. If they amend their ways and cease, they may receive communion after one year.

80. Slaves who have been freed but whose former masters are yet alive may not be ordained as clergy.

81. A woman may not write to other lay Christians without her husband's consent. A woman may not receive letters of friendship addressed to her only and not to her husband as well.

NEXT: THE TIMES OF EMPEROR CONSTANTINE